Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev and President of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelenskyy meet in Davos, Switzerland on January 22, 2025. (Photo by Azerbaijani Presidency/Handout/Anadolu via Getty Images)
Anadolu via Getty Images
Ukraine’s wartime military innovation is beginning to generate diplomatic dividends.
As Kyiv has become a global leader in drone warfare and military adaptation, countries seeking affordable ways to strengthen their defenses against larger adversaries are paying close attention.
Few partnerships better illustrate that trend than the growing relationship between Ukraine and Azerbaijan, a country of increasing strategic importance to Europe because of its energy resources and position in the South Caucasus.
Recent tensions between Azerbaijan and Russia have drawn renewed attention to the relationship. Relations deteriorated sharply after the December 2024 downing of an Azerbaijan Airlines aircraft, creating the most serious crisis between Baku and Moscow in more than a decade.
Yet according to Zaur Shiriyev, a nonresident scholar at Carnegie’s Russia Eurasia Center, the dispute did not fundamentally change Azerbaijan’s approach toward Ukraine.
“The recent tension between Baku and Moscow has not really pushed Azerbaijan closer to Kyiv,” Shiriyev told me. “That support was already there, even if it was not always very visible.”
Azerbaijan has consistently backed Ukraine’s territorial integrity while providing humanitarian and energy assistance throughout the war, a relationship that predates the recent deterioration in ties between Baku and Moscow.
“At the beginning of the war, Azerbaijan played a useful role by helping stabilize fuel supplies when Ukraine faced severe shortages,” Ukrainian member of parliament Oleksandra Ustinova told me. “That assistance was important.”
The relationship is now becoming increasingly practical. During President Volodymyr Zelensky’s April visit to Baku, Ukraine and Azerbaijan signed six bilateral agreements, with defense cooperation and joint industrial production emerging as central pillars of the partnership.
The agreements further reflect how Ukraine’s defense industry is evolving from a wartime necessity into an exportable strategic asset.
“Ukraine has demonstrated resilience during this war and is sharing its experience today,” Zelensky said, describing plans for defense-industrial co-production initiatives. Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev likewise pointed to “broad prospects” for military-technical cooperation and the joint development of defense industries.
For Baku, Ukraine offers something few countries can match: more than four years of experience adapting to large-scale drone, missile and electronic warfare against a major military power. Azerbaijan’s military performed well during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, but the conflict in Ukraine has demonstrated how rapidly drone warfare continues to evolve.
“Ukraine understands how technology is transforming modern warfare, and I believe the world can learn from our experience,” said Ustinova.
The growing relationship also reflects broader geopolitical shifts triggered by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. As Moscow became increasingly consumed by the war, its influence across the South Caucasus declined, creating more space for regional states to pursue independent policies.
Azerbaijan has emerged as one of the principal beneficiaries of that shift, increasing its importance to both Europe and Russia while diversifying its own network of security and economic partners.
Volodymyr Dubovyk, director of the Center for International Studies at Odesa Mechnikov National University, told me Kyiv also sees value in demonstrating that it can maintain active diplomacy despite the war.
“Ukraine wants to show that it can exercise diplomatic outreach in various places, even while being in the middle of a major existential defensive war against Russia,” said Dubovyk. “Kyiv has to try and capitalize on the certain frictions between Moscow and Baku.”
For Azerbaijan, he said, the relationship reflects a desire to demonstrate greater strategic autonomy. “Baku wants to show that it chooses who to deal with and in what way, being an independent and significant player.”
The emerging Ukraine-Azerbaijan partnership is less about confronting Russia than about adapting to a world where military innovation increasingly shapes diplomatic influence. As Ukraine turns wartime innovation into exportable expertise, its defense industry is becoming an increasingly important source of geopolitical influence.